Residential solar energy storage systems mainly consist of the following key components:

1. Solar panel: This is the core part of the system, responsible for converting sunlight into electrical energy. Solar panels are usually installed on rooftops or any sunny location. They are composed of multiple photovoltaic (PV) cells that utilize the properties of semiconductor materials such as silicon to convert light energy into direct current.

2. Inverter: The function of an inverter is to convert the direct current generated by solar panels into alternating current for household use. Modern inverters typically have high efficiency and intelligent monitoring capabilities, which can optimize power output and ensure the safe operation of the system.

3. Energy storage devices: Energy storage devices (such as lithium batteries) are used to store excess electrical energy for use in the absence of sunlight. The energy storage system enables residential solar energy systems to provide 24/7 power supply, improving energy self-sufficiency.

4. Monitoring system: The monitoring system is used to track and manage the performance of the solar energy system in real time. Users can view the system's power generation, consumption, and energy storage status through mobile applications or computer interfaces to optimize energy use.

5. Power distribution system: The power distribution system includes wires, circuit breakers, and distribution panels, responsible for distributing the electricity generated by the solar energy system to various electrical devices in the home. The design of the power distribution system must comply with local electrical regulations to ensure safety and reliability.